A field guide to the future of work and AI
Algorithms that can detect cancers as accurately as trained pathologists.
Personal AI assistants that can mimic human voices to make bookings on behalf of their users. Machines that can lay bricks at a rate six times faster than human labourers.
The number of technological accomplishments grows by the day. But what do these developments mean for workers?
https://www.thersa.org/globalassets/pdfs/reports/rsa_field-guide-future-work.pdf
Pick up any newspaper or watch any news item on the subject and you are likely to be presented with one of two opinions.
Either that we are on the cusp of catastrophic job losses and economic misery for the masses. Or that these new technologies will supercharge productivity, leading to a rise in living standards and an abundance of good quality jobs.
High profile cheerleaders on each side of the debate eagerly point to statistical analyses which back their vision of the future. The tussle between these two sides has proven a fascinating spectacle for the lay observer – certainly enough to warrant regular media headlines. But to the RSA, which has been exploring the impact of technology on jobs for some time, the quality of public debate leaves much to be desired.
At least four major shortcomings can be identified:
- The first is that commentators tend to fixate on just a handful of technologies – namely artificial intelligence and robotics – while paying little attention to the less glamorous but still powerful innovations like e‑commerce platforms, the internet of things, distributed ledgers, cloud computing and smartphones.
- The second is the relentless focus on automation, as though this was the only way technology can shape the lives of workers. Machines are also changing recruitment practices, facilitating surveillance and monitoring, altering the nature of business models and restructuring industries (with new technology often aiding market concentration).
- The third is that analyses of the effects of technology too often dwell on what is theoretically possible while ignoring what is actually happening. We hear of breakthroughs in individual technologies like autonomous vehicles and personal voice assistants. But seldom do we learn whether these same innovations are adopted in the real world.
- And fourth, we pay too little attention to the systemic effects of technology, such as how its adoption in one corner of the economy can affect the lives of workers in different sectors. An example is the phenomena of ‘recycled demand’, whereby the deployment of technology in one industry leads to cost savings for consumers, which frees up cash to spur demand (and potentially job growth) in another part of the economy.
These shortcomings cannot go unaddressed.
The quality of the conversation about technology matters greatly to our ability to prepare it. The civil servant in the Treasury dictating tax policy, the FE college leader rethinking their skills curricula, the corporate HR chief reconsidering their employee welfare programme – all are susceptible to making bad decisions with bad intelligence. Which brings us to the purpose of this essay series: to break out of the same overworn questions, and give more airtime to alternative and thoughtful perspectives on how technology might shape the world of work. A common theme in this series is the shifting sands of power. Nicolas Colin argues that the emergence of the digital economy has put consumers at the top of the food chain, and it is they who are now squeezing concessions out of workers rather than employers. Other contributors turn to the familiar theme of automation, but with a fresh perspective. Calum Chace argues that automation will be a relentless job killer, but that it could also drastically reduce the cost of living for those on low incomes. Nick Srnicek similarly sees the brighter side of a new machine age, believing that it could usher in a 4‑day working week. Astra Taylor, meanwhile, writes that automation is mostly a charade – a ploy by firms to look sophisticated while humans continue to do grunt work behind the scenes.
Several contributors predict that work will be bountiful in the years to come. But they also warn that such work will be highly scrutinised. Phoebe Moore contemplates a bleak future where workers find themselves at the tyranny of a pervasive surveillance system – one where monitoring tools not just assess worker performance but watch every aspect of their movement. Azeem Azhar echoes these warnings, suggesting that it may not be long before most of us have a rating attached to our name, which will determine eligibility for different job platforms and even goods and services like housing. We are reminded, too, that the UK is not alone in feeling the effects of technology. Mark Graham writes about the emergence of a planetary labour market, where new technologies have allowed more jobs to be outsourced from developed to developing economies – including the grisly work of content moderation. Urvashi Aneja, our final contributor, ponders what a new machine age will mean for India’s 1.3 billion citizens. Will it fast track social mobility, or rather exacerbate the informal economy and lock in existing class and caste divides? Some may feel the additional perspectives of these writers complicate rather than clarify the impact of technology on work. But that is precisely the point. Too often we yearn for neat forecasts that aim to tell us exactly how the future will play out (‘X million jobs to go by 2040’). In fact, we should be contemplating and preparing for multiple eventualities. The humility this requires may not come easily to those used to making confident predictions, but it is the only sensible way of readying ourselves for the future. Our aim with this collection is to offer an eclectic, expansive, thought-provoking, though by no means exhaustive picture of the future of work. We hope readers will enjoy the plurality of perspectives presented, and we would encourage you to take a moment to think about how they might inform practices in your own workplace, profession or industry. Far from being a manifesto for fatalism, this pamphlet should rather be read as a call to action. After all, the point is not simply to sit passively and wait for the future to hit us, but to actively shape it in the way we see fit.
UNODC — GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2022
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CNDCH — Publication de l’évaluation du 2e plan d’action national contre la traite des êtres humains
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Decent work results — ILO programme implementation 2018–19
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE — 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP REPORT)
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ILO — Ending child labour, forced labour and human trafficking in global supply chains
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The Global Business of Forced Labour: Report of Findings 2018 / CERTIFICATION ‘MAKING NO DIFFERENCE’ TO SUPPLY CHAIN LABOUR ABUSES
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