This report is the first of its kind to analyse in depth the char­ac­ter­is­tics that make crim­i­nal actors par­tic­u­lar­ly threat­en­ing. Enhanc­ing law enforcement’s under­stand­ing of their func­tion­ing and core capa­bil­i­ties will fur­ther strength­en the fight against seri­ous and organ­ised crime. It is essen­tial as a com­ple­ment to a com­mod­i­ty-based approach.