Each year, peo­ple liv­ing in war­zones and those flee­ing them are sub­ject­ed to hor­rif­ic vio­lence and abuse. For chil­dren, the elder­ly, and every­one in between, sex­u­al and gen­der-based vio­lence, psy­cho­log­i­cal trau­ma, tor­ture, fam­i­ly sep­a­ra­tion and dis­ap­pear­ance,1 recruit­ment and use by armed groups, abduc­tions and kid­nap­ping for ran­som, forced mar­riage, forced labour, star­va­tion, and being left for dead,2 are a dai­ly risk. Per­pe­tra­tors range from the organ­ised to the oppor­tunis­tic, includ­ing smug­glers, traf­fick­ers, par­ties to the con­flict, com­mu­ni­ty mem­bers, and some­times state actors.