Alain Wern­er will dis­cuss why and how vic­tims of inter­na­tion­al crimes all around the world look for ways to get jus­tice for war crimes or relat­ed crimes out­side the usu­al frame­work of inter­na­tion­al tri­bunals (ICC and other­ad hoc tri­bunals). He will exam­ine the his­to­ry of inter­na­tion­al crim­i­nal jus­tice since the end of the cold war, and then look at some of the most emblem­at­ic cas­es since 1998 out­side the usu­al frame­work (includ­ing the Pinochet and Habré cas­es), before explain­ing the efforts of his orga­ni­za­tion, Civ­i­tas Max­i­ma, to get jus­tice for war crimes in Liberia since 2012, which has met ini­tial suc­cess in the past few years with very con­crete cases.